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February 2000
Issue #7

If you do what you've always done,
expect what you've always got
By Jason Meuller

I cannot remember the source of this cliché, but it is one of my favorites because it explains two of the most fundamental laws of the universe, identity and causality. In case the reader is not familiar with these two terms, the law of identity basically states that an entity has a nature. A is A, and not B, or, red is red, and not green. The principle of causality is the axiom of identity in action. Causality means that an entity must act in accordance with its nature, a rock cannot fly, and a high intensity stimulus is required to cause a muscular adaptation. Unfortunately, though many bodybuilders understand the concept of cause and effect, many do not apply this principle to their training. Evidence of this is demonstrated in the gym by the scores of resistance trainers who do not even record their progress, or understand what variable is responsible for causing muscular adaptations. The purpose of this essay is to inform the reader about the importance of knowledge, logic, and the laws of cause and effect. Hopefully the reader will walk away with a different attitude on how to properly apply these concepts in the gym.

Everyone reading this article is obviously interested in learning more about their passion, bodybuilding. The reason is simple, the more knowledge one has acquired, the more likely one will succeed with their goals (goals being a representation of values). The difficult part is distinguishing the truth from the false. After all, not everything is true, and not every idea can be since so many ideas contradict. This is precisely why anyone interested in success must devote themselves to developing their mind. If an idea contradicts another idea, both cannot be true! Bodybuilding is smothered is contradictory statements like, "whatever works", or probably the most common, "what works for you may not work for me." These statements have damaged any further scientific investigation since people believe that no laws exist within bodybuilding. Of course we are all like individuals, after all, the law of causality states that an entity can only act within its nature. If everyone was different, then science couldn't exist. In one person aerobic exercise produced larger muscles than anaerobic exercise, and another did not require exercise at all. To put this myth to rest, if someone believes that everyone is different, then I would suggest they visit a psychic healer next time they have a heart attack, rather than a normal medical doctor. Hopefully, if the person did not die, they will have a better understanding that science applies to everyone and everything in the universe.

The sources of these contradictory myths that prevail bodybuilding stem from the magazines, where the publisher is not interested in producing results. The publishers do not want the readers to succeed, since the supplement companies ads line their pockets. Instead, they depend on your failures, so that you try out their supplements.

If there are many myths, and if most of the information published is false, how can one determine what is true or false? The answer is reason. Knowledge is of reality, and reality cannot contradict itself since there is only one reality. Therefore, logic must be used in order to determine the "facts of reality", as Mentzer would say. Reason is mans only tool for survival, since we are not born with any knowledge on how to survive (instincts). The only way to understand anything, is to think. How else is someone suppose to understand anything without thought? Valid concepts cannot contradict other knowledge, since there are no contradictions in reality. For example, if you add one plus one, it will always equal two, whether you're on the earth, or up in space. NASA depends on this to succeed with their missions, as a bodybuilder depends on non-contradictory concepts to succeed also. Anyone still uncertain if any laws do exist in bodybuilding science, should not only try to understand exactly what science is, but they should also ask themselves why they bother to workout. If there is no such thing as cause and effect, why not sit a home and just wish or pray for larger muscles? Obviously this is not the case, and this is why there must be specific laws governing resistance training.

One fundamental factor in bodybuilding that cannot be refuted is the concept of intensity. Before I discuss intensity, a definition is required. There are many definitions of intensity, such as 80% of your one rep max, however these are not proper definitions, they are equations. 80% of your max tells you nothing about the concept of intensity. Intensity, properly defined by Arthur Jones, is the percentage of possible momentary muscular effort exerted. Intensity is required to stimulate growth. I don't care if you have found the perfect rep range, superior supplement, or the best machine, if you do not train with a high enough intensity to stimulate an adaptation, you will not adapt. It's not a gray area reader, it's a black and white issue. If, during my last workout, I deadlifted 405lbs for 8 reps, and the next workout I were to only use 225 for 1 rep, I would not adapt since the effort exerted (intensity) was low. Although many bodybuilders reject HIT/Heavy Duty training because the general orthodoxy of bodybuilder train with a higher volume, it is a fact that a high intensity of exercise is required to disrupt homeostasis, and cause an adaptation. Anyone attempting to argue with this point would have to prove that aerobic exercise, or low intensity exercise, is equal to, or better than, anaerobic exercise for strength/size gains. Clearly, anyone interested in success, must train with a high intensity.

If the intensity of the stress is high, the stress must also be short in duration. One cannot sprint hard and for great distances, or one cannot workout hard and for long periods of time. Because the axiom of identity states that A is A, and not B, if one is to train anaerobically, one must remain in an anaerobic environment. This seems obvious, but yet there are many bodybuilders who perform anaerobic exercise (weight lifting) for one hour or more, but yet only perform ten or twenty minutes of aerobic exercise! If the characteristics of anaerobic exercise are high in intensity, therefore short in duration, why perform aerobic exercise (low in intensity, therefore long duration) for shorter periods? Besides, biology doesn't allow one to train hard and long, since faster twitch fibers quickly fatigue. If one performs these high volume workouts, one is actually training the slower twitch fibers since the faster twitch fibers have given up. FT fibers cannot handle stress for long periods of time, therefore, the slower twitch fibers would characteristically handle the stress from higher volume workouts.

In addition to fiber types, one important variable that many bodybuilders fail to grasp is that there is an optimal rep range for each muscle group. Because every muscle has a different fiber makeup, that is, every muscle is composed of a different ratio of fast twitch to slow twitch ratio, you must discover your optimal rep range, to produce optimal results. Quite a long time ago, I use to have problems developing my shoulders. I have a high ratio of faster twitch fibers in most of my muscle groups, since I have always responded best, or, developed more strength, to heavier weights and lower rep ranges. In school I was always the faster sprinter, and even competed in several competitions. So I automatically trained my shoulders with low reps. After a while, I noticed that they were starting to lag behind the rest of my bodyparts. After several months, I decided to experiment with higher reps, and within weeks I could notice improvements in my development.

Basically the two most accurate tests that can be performed require a machine isolation movement. You cannot perform a fiber test with a compound movement without interference from other muscle groups. Also, the machine will eliminate wasted energy from coordination, etc. For example, to test your quads, use a leg extension machine. To test your back, use a machine pullover. Your rep cadence should be exact during every rep, so that your results will be as accurate as possible. I would recommend taking 5 seconds up and 5 seconds down, total rep taking 10 seconds. Any faster and momentum would confuse your results. Therefore, you should bring a stopwatch and perhaps a partner to count out the seconds for you.

Test One
1. Starting out fresh, so that your results are as accurate as possible, warm up on a bike or rowing machine for 2-3 minutes max, with a low intensity.
2. After determining which machine you are to use, start a single warm-up set with 30-40% of your max for 1-2 reps taking 5/5 rep cadence, just to get a feel for a slower rep cadence.
3. Now, you are ready to start the test. Using a 5/5 rep cadence, find your 1 rep max on the machine isolation movement. Try and estimate as close as possible, because fast twitch fibers are very sensitive to anaerobic exercise. If you make to many mistakes, results could be affected. If you can only use 250lbs for 1 rep, 5/5, on the leg extension, and you think you could handle 5-10 more lbs, don't do the exercise again, just estimate.
4. That was it for the day, after you determined your 1 rep max, wait until the next workout to work the muscle again. So if every Monday you work your chest, wait until next Monday to continue with the test.
5. Next workout, repeat steps 1 and 2. Using a 5/5 rep cadence again, take 80% of that 1 rep max you discovered last workout, and see how long it takes you to reach failure.
6. The faster your muscle fatigues, the more fast twitch muscle fibers are in your muscle. For example, my chest fatigued at 30 seconds on the peck deck, where as my quads failed at 50 seconds on the leg extensions. Generally if your muscle fails before 45-50 seconds then you are more faster twitch, above 65-70 seconds, your probably leaning towards the slower twitch. This test is very productive since the rate of fatigue is closely related to your optimal rep range. For example, my chest fatigued at 30 seconds TUT, and my optimal rep is around 35 seconds or so.

Test Two
1. Perform steps 1 and 2 in test one.
2. Choose a weight that allows a good 50 seconds of tension.
3. After performing a set to failure, also using a prescribed rep cadence, such as 5/5 or 10/10, wait exactly 3 minutes. During those 3 minutes, record how long it took your muscle to fatigue in seconds.
4. After 3 minutes, perform another set to failure, also recording the time it took to reach failure.
5. Again, generally if your second set fatigues quickly, the muscle is more faster twitch. For example, on the machine pullover, I reached failure at 50 seconds with my first set. Rested 3 min. Second set was 30 seconds, therefore, since the reduction is close to half, I can safely assume my back is predominantly faster twitch. If my set was close to the time of my first, I would have a slower twitch back.

Note:
Just few comments before I end the article. This is just an approximate test. It is up to the individual to vary the TUT (time under tension) of the test, to determine an optimal TUT. The goal, after discovering the fiber type, is to adjust your rep range for the muscle group. For example, if you discover that your chest is predominantly slower twitch, then it would be unproductive to perform lower reps. Also, some people have different fiber types in compound movements. For example, if your chest is predominantly slower twitch, and your triceps are faster twitch, you will probably not be able to stimulate your chest fully, since your triceps are weaker and will fail first (since they fatigue quickly). Therefore, it may be productive to superset a pre-exhaust movement, with a compound movement. If your optimal TUT for chest is 60 seconds, and your triceps 30 seconds, you may want to perform a fly or peck deck for 30 seconds superset with a compound movement for 30 seconds.

Good Luck!!

Copyright 2000 Jason Meuller and Anabolic Extreme. This material may not be copied, reproduced, or transmitted without the express written permission of the copyright owners.

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